The point is that we can make sense of the interaction of two gravitons in String theory in a way we could not in QFT. There is even a mode describing the graviton, the particle carrying the force of gravity, which is an important reason why String Theory has received so much attention. One mode of vibration, or `note', makes the string appear as an electron, another as a photon. Furthermore, the string is free to vibrate, and different vibrational modes of the string represent the different particle types, since different modes are seen as different masses or spins. As the string moves through time it traces out a tube or a sheet, according to whether it is closed or open. These strings can be closed, like loops, or open, like a hair. In String Theory, the myriad of particle types is replaced by a single fundamental building block, a `string'. For instance, the force between two gravitons (the particles that mediate gravitational interactions), becomes infinite and we do not know how to get rid of these infinities to get physically sensible results. Whenever one tries to apply the rules of QFT to GR one gets results which make no sense. But unfortunately the fourth interaction, gravity, beautifully described by Einstein's General Relativity (GR), does not seem to fit into this scheme. Furthermore, a very successful unification between Electromagnetism and the Weak force was achieved (Electroweak Theory), and promising ideas put forward to try to include the Strong force. With these tools, theories were built which describe with great success three of the four known interactions in Nature: Electromagnetism, and the Strong and Weak nuclear forces. The standard model was designed within a framework known as Quantum Field Theory (QFT), which gives us the tools to build theories consistent both with quantum mechanics and the special theory of relativity. To take into account the different interactions observed in Nature one has to provide particles with more degrees of freedom than only their position and velocity, such as mass, electric charge, color (which is the "charge" associated with the strong interaction) or spin. In the standard model of particle physics, particles are considered to be points moving through space, tracing out a line called the World Line. M Theory, the theory formerly known as String Theory The Standard Model PS - There is a very good essay on the many problems of string theory at I think that after reading on the Wave Structure of Matter you will understand why String Theory evolved as a mathematical theory (founded on waves / resonance), and also why its literal interpretation is nonsense. I must admit that I look forward to the future when the Wave Structure of Matter is equally famous, for then they will see how truly absurd string theory is (founded on 9 dimensions of Space, but six dimensions 'magically' curl up so we don't see them!).īelow you will find several summaries of String Theory from the main web sites that promote this theory. The strings can only vibrate at discrete frequencies which correspond to different 'particles' and their energy states. The reason for the partial success of String Theory is that it utilises Wave Theory and resonant frequencies. Thus there is no awareness that a complete description of Reality must be founded on ONE thing (not on many discrete things / strings!). As I see it, String Theory (and its derivatives) are an example of theorists being taught mathematical Physics while completely neglecting Philosophy and Metaphysics. Superstring Theory, M Theory and Brane Theory all evolved from the original String Theory back in the mid 1980s. And it is these different modes of vibration of the string that are understood in string theory as being the different elementary particles. Just like an ordinary guitar string, a fundamental string can vibrate in different modes. The Wave Structure of Matter (WSM) explains why String Theory is a Mathematical Theory Only (Founded on Wave Theory & Resonance) The Wave Structure of Matter (WSM) in Space Physics: String Theory
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